c. 450 Anglo-Saxons invade England.
481-511 Clovis, King of the Franks founds the Merovingian Dynasty.
565-750 Christianization of Britain.
711-715 Moslems from north Africa, at the request of the remnants of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Spain, settle the conflict over the succession by taking over the country themselves.
732 Victory of Charles Martel over Spanish Moslems at the Battle of Tours.
751 Pepin the Short deposes Childeric III to become King of the Franks.
753 "Donation of Pepin" - Pepin the Short defeats the Lombards in Italy, "donating" the lands to the Roman See, thus forging a political alliance of the Frankish King with the Papacy (as the representative of the Western Empire).
756 Abd-ar-Rahman I, of the deposed Umayyad family, becomes emir of Spain after capturing Cordoba founding the Omayyad Dynasty (756-1031).
768 Death of Pepin the Short - his kingdom is divided between his two sons, Charlemagne and Carloman.
771 Carloman dies suddenly, and his brother Charlemagne seizes his territories. Carloman's heirs take refuge in the court of Desiderius, king of the Lombards, who is no longer friendly to Charlemagne.
772 Pope Adrian is elected. at the request of Pope Adrian, Charlemagne invades Italy and deposes of his father-in-law Desiderius, assuming the position of king himself and adding the Iron Crown of Lombardy to the Holy Roman Empire. He also wars with the "heathen Saxons."
778 Charlemagne invades Spain, battle of Roncevalles and the death of Roland.
789 First Viking invasion of England.
793 The Vikings attack; Lindisfarne and the monastary at Jarrow are sacked.
800-900 Viking raids against European mainland.
800 Charlemagne is crowned emperor on Dec. 24, temporarily reviving the Roman Empire in the West.
814 Charlemagne dies. His son Louis I the Pious becomes Emperor, king of France, and king of Germany.
836 King Egbert of Wessex fights the Danes at Carhamptom.
840 Louis I dies. His son Lothair I attempts to assert his domination over his brothers.The Danes control of most of Northern England.
842 Strasbourg Oaths: Louis the German and Charles the Bald swear an alliance against their brother, Lothair I.
843 The Treaty of Verdun divides Charlemagne's empire among his three grandsons; giving Lothair I the title of Emperor, sovereignty over Italy, Burgundy, Alsace, Lorraine and the Low Countries.
846 The Arabs sack Rome.
850s - Rurik of Jutland summoned to Novgorod, beginning of Kievan period of Russian history.
851 Three hundred and fifty Viking ships appear in the Thames estuary, and Viking raiders attack Canterbury.
861 Iceland is discovered by the Northmen. Russian Northmen sack parts of France.
865 Russian Northmen sack Constantinople.
866 With the permission of Michael III, Basil I murders Michael's uncle Ceaser Bardus, becomes co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire with Michael.
867 Basil I of the Byzantine Empire has his co-ruler, Michael III, assasinated.
871 Alfred the Great of England (871-899 ) becomes the Saxon king of Wessex.
884 Emperor Charles III (The Fat) becomes king of France.
887Arnulf of Carinthia leads a revolt that forces Charles III to abdicate. Arnulf is elected king of the East Franks (Germany).
896 Arnulf, king of the East Franks (Germany), captures Rome and becomes Emperor.
910 Duke William of Aquitaine founds the monastery of Cluny. The Cluniac order is responsible for important Church reforms.
911 An army of Viking warriors accepts by treaty an amount of land in Northern France and settles there. (The land is later to be called Normandy, or "land of the Northmen".) Conrad I becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
912 Abd-ar-Rahman III becomes the eighth Umayyad ruler of Spain. Henry I (called The Fowler) succeeds his father as Duke of Saxony.
918 Conrad I, king of Germany, dies and Henry I "the Fowler" is choosen by the Franconian and Saxon nobles to be king.
919 Henry I the Fowler becomes Emperor.
926 Sihtric, king of Northumbria dies, and his brother-in-law Athelstan, king of Wessex, claims the kingdom of Northumbria. Henry I the Fowler, of Germany, secures a truce with the Magyars.
936-973 Otto I "the Great" (936-973), son of Henry the Fowler begins consolidation of the Holy Roman Empire. He is the first to use the actual title: "Holy Roman Emperor."
937 Athelstan, king of Wessex wins a battle at Brunanburh against a league of Welsh, Scottish and Danish, but dies a year later.
941Olaf Godfreyson dies. Edmund I, king of England, makes war on the Vikings.
943 Malcolm I MacDonald becomes king of Scotland.
944 Olaf Sihtricson (Olaf the Red), king of Dublin, (and for the past four years Northumbria) is expelled from Northumbria and returns to Ireland.
945 Edmund I, king of England, turns the kingdom of Strathclyde, (west of Northumbria) over to his ally Malcolm I MacDonald, king of Scotland.
946 Edmund I, king of England, is stabbed by a robber and dies. His kingdom goes to his brother Edred, who had ruled with him for the past year.
949 Olaf Sihtricson (Olaf the Red), king of Dublin becomes king of Northumbria again, but is expelled again, 3 years later.
955 Battle of Lechfield
962 Otto I is crowned emperor, reviving the Roman Empire in the West.
976-1025 Reign of Byzantine Emperor Basil II
980 Faced with manslaughter charges Eric the Red leaves Iceland to explore the land that he would later name Greenland. Olaf Sihtricson (Olaf the Red), king of Dublin is defeated at Tara and exiled to Iona.
987 Hugh Capet is elected king of France after the death of Louis V of France, the last of the Carolingians.
988 Hugh Capet of France has his son Robert the Pious (later Robert II) appointed as his associate and successor.
989 St. Vladimir chooses Orthodox Christianity over Judiasm, Islam and Roman Catholicism as the religion of the Kievan State.
992 Boleslav I (called the Brave, or the Mighty) succeeds his father as prince of Poland.
1001 Eric the Red, the founder of the first European colony on Greenland, dies. Steven I of Hungary is crowned king. Brian Boru is acknowledged as chief king of Ireland.
1004 Henry II of The Holy Roman Empire (called Henry the Saint) invades Italy in and crowned king of the Lombards. Between 1004 and 1018 he also is at war with Boleslav I, king of Poland, over Bohemia.
1009 Danish invasion of England.
1013 Sweyn I, King of Denmark (called Forkbeard) leads an invasion into England.
1014 Brian Boru wins the Battle of Clontarf over Viking forces and their native allies. English king Ethelred II flees England to Normandy. Sweyn I, King of Denmark becomes ruler of England (and dies the same year). Henry II of The Holy Roman Empire (called Henry the Saint) goes to Rome where he is crowned Emperor.
1016 Death of Ethelred II of England leads to the Battle of Ashington to choose a successor. Canute the Great wins becoming king of England.
1028 Olaf II of Norway is forced into exile by Canute the Great. Canute becomes King of Norway.
1035 Robert II, Duke of Normandy and father of William the Conqueror dies. Canute, king of England, Denmark and Norway, dies. His illegitimate son Harold I becomes regent in England. Magnus the Good, son of Olaf II, becomes king of Norway.
1040 Macbeth becomes king of Scotland, defeating King Duncan I in battle. Harold I of England dies, and Canute's legitimate son Harthacnut (or Hardicanute) inherits.
1041 Henry III (called The Black) of the Holy Roman Empire defends the Poles (his vassals) against the Bohemians.
1047 William the Conqueror secures the throne of Normandy with the help of King Henry I of France. Magnus the Good, King of Norway and Denmark dies, and is succeeded in Norway by his uncle Harald Hardrade (Stern Council).
1051 William the Conqueror obtains Edward the Confessor's (King of England) agreement that William will inherit the throne of England from Edward.
1054 Henry I of France tries to crush William the Conqueror, and fails. Formal schism between Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches
1058 Henry I of France tries again to crush William the Conqueror, and again fails. Scottish king Lulach (son of Macbeth) is ambushed and killed by Malcolm III of Scotland, son of Duncan I. Malcolm III of Scotland becomes king.
1064 Harold Godwinesson, Earl of Wessex and a powerful English noble is shipwrecked and taken prisoner by William the Conqueror. He obtains release by promising to aid William in his claim to the English throne.
1066
Edward the Confessor, King of England, dies. Harold the Earl of Wessex is elected king. With the sanction of Pope Alexander II William the Conqueror (also called William the Bastard) invades England and wins the Battle of Hastings, where Harold is killed. William the Conqueror is crowned on Christmas day. Philip I of France takes over ruling from his mother and uncle.
1071 Double defeat of the Byzantine Empire; at Bari by the Normans, and at Manzikert by the Seljuk Turks.
1072 William the Conqueror invades Scotland and forces Malcolm III MacDuncan to pay homage to him.
1073-1216 Papal led Church Reforms.
1075-1122 The Investiture Controversy: Pope Gregory the VII versus Emperor Henry IV over the power to control church appointments.
1079-1144 Life of Peter Abelard.
1081 Alexius I Comnenus becomes Emperor of Byzantium.
1084 Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire invades Italy and captures Rome. the Normans, led by Robert Guiscard drive Henry IV from Rome.
1085 Capture of Toledo by the forces of the Reconquista.
1086 William the Conqueror has all landlords swear an oath (the Oath of Salisbury) to him, promising loyalty. A survey is taken (by William) and the Domesday Book is written.
1087 William the Conqueror dies on a campaign against King Philip I of France. William II of England (called Rufus, the third son of William the Conqueror) is crowned.
1088 Odo, the bishop of Bayeux leads a revolt of Normans against William II of England, trying to replace him with his older brother Robert II, "Curthose" Duke of Normandy.(nb - William's father is also named Robert II, Duke of Normandy - this is not a mistake!William's father bore the nickname "the Devil.")
1093 Malcolm III of Scotland dies in battle. His wife, St. Margaret (niece of Edward the Confessor) dies three days later. His brother Donald III (called Donald Bane) declares himself king.
1094 William II of England invades Normandy (again). Duncan II, son of Malcolm III of Scotland defeats Donald III of Scotland and becomes king. Soon after he is killed in a revolt and Donald III becomes king again.
1095-1291 The Crusading Era
1095 Pope Urban II presided over the Council of Clermont and called the First Crusade into being
1096 Robert II, Duke of Normandy mortgages Normandy to William II of England in exchange for money to finance a crusade. Peasants' Crusade sets out from Europe (Spring), later annihilated in Anatolia by the Turks (Oct.)
1097 Edgar of Scotland, son of Malcolm III of Scotland defeats, blinds, and imprisons Donald III of Scotland. Edgar becomes king of Scotland. Oct 21, Crusaders arrive before Antioch; a long, bitter siege ensues
1099 Raymond of Toulouse leads the first contingent away from Antioch and toward Jerusalem (Jan 13). By Jul 15, 1099 Godfrey of Bouillon breaches the walls of Jerusalem near Herod's Gate and is elected the "Defender of the Holy Sepulchre"(dies next year.) Aug 12, 1099: Crusaders beat back the Fatimids at Ascalon
1100 William II of England dies while hunting. His younger brother succeeds as Henry I of England, winning support of the nobles and church by issuing a charter of liberties acknowledging their rights.
1101 Robert II , Duke of Normandy, invades England, but retreats when his brother, Henry I of England, promises him a pension and military aid.
1104 Alfonso I becomes king of Aragon and Navarre.
1118-9 Hugh of Payns created the Order of the Knights Templar.
1122 The Concordat of Worms establishes peace between Emperor Henry V of Germany and the Catholic Church. Antipope Gregory VIII is abandoned.
1131-43 Reign of Fulk V of Anjou, King of Jerusalem.
1133 Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II is crowned by Pope Innocence II. Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre is defeated by the Moors at Braga. He dies of the wounds he received in the next year.
1135 Henry I of England dies. Henry's nephew Steven of Blois usurps the throne.
1136 King David I of Scotland attacks England either to help his niece Matilda get the English throne, or to recapture three counties on the Northern border of England, or both. (1136 - 1138)
1137 Louis VII of France succeeds his father, and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1145 Pope Eugenius III issued Quantum praedecessores to initiate the Second Crusade after Zengi's capture of Edessa
1147 Lisbon falls to crusaders and Portuguese; Almeria falls to Spanish
1148, July, Louis VII of France, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, Emperor Conrad III in the East on the Second Crusade
1152 Eleanor of Aquitaine's marriage to Louis VII is annulled. She marries 109Henry II. Louis VII and Henry II fight over her lands in Aquitaine. Conrad III of Germany dies, and is succeeded by his nephew Frederick I (called Frederick Barbarossa, 1152-1190)
1154 Louis VII of France renounces all claims to the duchy of Aquitaine. Henry II (1154-1190), first of the Plantagenet monarchs of England, defeats Steven of Blois and becomes King of England.
1156 In a letter Pope Adrian IV angers Emperor Frederick I by implying that the Emperor held his lands only as a fief from the pope. Frederick I gives Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, the duchy of Bavaria. In return, Henry the Lion helps Frederick in his wars against Poland and Italy during the next three years.
1157 Louis VII of France continues fighting Henry II of England (sporadically, for the next three years). Eric of Sweden conquers Finland.
1164 Henry II of England feuds with the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket, over the benefit of clergy.
1168 After quarreling with Henry II of England William the Lion of Scotland makes an alliance with France.Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, marries Henry II of England's daughter Matilda (as his second wife).
1170 Murder of Thomas a Becket by four of Henry II's knights. Henry II is forced to recognize Thomas a Becket as a martyr and give up his attempt to make priests subject to the courts.
1171 Henry II of England begins the Norman conquest of Ireland.
1173 Eleanor of Aquitaine, and her sons start leading rebellions against Henry II, (her husband and their father). They are supported by the French and Scottish Kings. Eleanor is caught and imprisoned. William the Lion of Scotland invades Northumberland.
1174 William the Lion of Scotland is captured by the English and released only when he agrees to the Treaty of Falaise promising to recognize Henry II of England as overlord.
1180 Philip II Augustus becomes ruler of France as Philip II (1180-1223). Henry the Lion is robbed of most of his possessions by Frederick I (a result of their fight in 1174).
1182 Henry the LionHenry the Lion is exiled by Frederick I. All Jews are banished from France.
1187 Saladin wins the Battle of Hattin on July 4, and takes most of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, practical end of Western rule in Holy Land
1189 Henry II of England dies. Richard I of England (called the Lion-hearted)crowned king. Through a deal with the Scottish king William he receives 10,000 Marks which he takes to the Holy Lands, leaving his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine as regent. The Treaty of Falaise (between Scotland and England) is annulled. Henry the Lion is again exiled by Frederick I. Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire initiates the Third Crusade, handing the Holy Roman Empire to his son, Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire).
1190 Richard the Lion-hearted and Philip II of France leave for the Third Crusade in July. The two kings quarrel regularly. Richard's Crusaders marches toward Jerusalem but is turned back to the coast. Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire) squashes a rebellion of nobles led by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony. Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire drowns, in a river in Cilicia.
1192 Richard Lionheart departs the Holy Land in October
1191Philip II of France leaves the crusades and returns to France. Richard the Lion-hearted captures Cyprus. Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned.
1192 Richard the Lion-hearted is captured by Leopold V, duke of Austria and handed over to Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire.
1193 John Lackland (1164-1216) attempts to claim the throne of England, but is prevented by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1194 Richard the Lion-hearted is released for ransom. Richard returns to England and makes peace with his brother John. Leaving the government in the hands of Hubert Walter, the archbishop, he leaves to go to war with France.
1198 Pope Innocent III called the Fourth Crusade.
1199 Richard the Lion-hearted is wounded and dies. His brother John (known as John Lackland) is crowned. Supporters of Arthur of Brittany (John's nephew, son of Henry II's second son Geoffrey) rebel. Philip II of France turns against John.
1202 Arthur of Brittany is defeated. Philip II of France continues Arthur's fight with England, and within the next three years increases his domain by annexing Normandy, Maine, Brittany, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou. Start of the Fourth Crusade (1202 - 1204) during which, Constantinople is captured (and plundered) by the Crusaders. Also, the Children's Crusade.
1204 Philip II of France stops fighting England, after winning back all England's French lands. End of the Fourth Crusade. Eleanor of Aquitaine dies.
1206 Temujin (later known as Genghis Khan) is master of almost all of Mongolia.
1207 John Lackland of England refuses to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury and is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. Pope Innocent III starts negotiating with Philip II of France to attack England, and closes down all the churches in England.
1208-1249 Albigensian Crusade; using the heretical belief of the nobles and people of Languedoc and Toulouse as an excuse, northern French nobles absorb most of southern France
1212, July King Alfonso VIII of Castile expands the Reconquista; King Sancho VII of Navarre wins the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1213 John Lackland of England surrenders England to the pope, and receives it back as a fief.
1214 Battle of Bouvines in Flanders; Philip Augustus defeats Emperor Otto IV, ally of John Lackland
1215 Barons force John I (1199-1216) of England to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymeade. A group of English barons offer Prince Louis (soon to be Louis VIII) of France the throne of England. He agrees and attempts to claim the throne but fails. Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers Yenking, the last Chin stronghold in Northern China. Pope Innocent III issued Ad liberandam calling the Fifth Crusade during the Fourth Lateran Council.
1216 John Lackland of England dies defending his throne and is succeeded by his son Henry III (age nine) of England. During Henry III's minority William Marshall, 4th Earl of Pembroke, rules.
1217 Alexander II of Scotland recognizes Henry III of England as his overlord. The Fifth Crusade commences.
1221 Fifth Crusade, in the Nile Delta, surrenders in August, giving up the siege of Damiette.
1226 Louis IX (1226-1270) succeeds his father as king of France (age 12), with his mother Blanche of Castile ruling as regent during his minority.
1227 Death of Genghiz Khan. 1225-1274 Life of St. Thomas Aquinas.
1228 In June, Emperor Frederick II, King of Jerusalem through marriage to Isabell (Yolanda), sails East on the Sixth Crusade.
1231 Excommunicamus of Pope Gregory IX starts the Inquisition.
1237 Peace of York establishes a boundary between England and Scotland. Emperor Frederick II's son Conrad IV (1237 - 1240)elected King of the Romans. The Tartars under Batu invade Russia.
1240s Popes Gregory IX and Innocent IV called political Crusades against Emperor Frederick II.
1244 Turks fighting on the side of Egypt take Jerusalem for the final time, clinching their mastery at the battle of Gaza.
1248 King Louis IX of France departs for the Holy Land on the Seventh Crusade.
1249 Alexander II of Scotland dies on board a ship while trying to take the Hebrides from Norway. His seven year old son, Alexander III of Scotland becomes king.
1250 Louis IX of France and his forces are captured in Egypt, while trying to attack Cairo. After paying a large ransom and surrendering Damiette Louis IX sails to Palestine where he works on rebuilding the defenses of the (now almost non-existant) Latin Kingdom.
1252 Pope Innocent IV officially sanctions the use of torture to obtain "truth" from suspects.
1258 Henry III of England is forced to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, by which he agrees to share his power with a council of barons. Henry III soon goes against the agreement, with the support of the Pope. The barons go to war. Louis IX of France signs the Treaty of Corbeil, relinquishing to the kingdom of Aragón all French claims to Barcelona and Roussillon, in return for which the Aragonese renounced their claims to parts of Provence and Languedoc.
1259 Louis IX of France signs the Treaty of Paris with Henry III of England.
1263 The Norsemen attempt to invade Scotland, but are prevented from succeeding by Alexander III of Scotland.
1264 A judgement called Mise of Amiens is passed by Louis IX, King of France, who is called into arbitrate between Henry III and the barons. The Mise of Amiens favors King Henry III, and the barons go to war. Henry III is taken prisoner.
1265 Henry III's son Edward (later Edward I, called Longshanks) leads the royal troops against the barons.
1266 Alexander III of Scotland makes peace with the Norsemen and marries the daughter of the King of Norway.
1267 Edward I and the barons make peace, and Henry III is restored to the throne of England.
1270 Louis IX's Last Crusade; Louis dies in North Africa.
1284 Edward I of England annexes Wales to England.
1285 Philip III of France fails an attempt at annexing the kingdom of Aragon. Philip III of France dies, and his son Philip IV of France (called The Fair) is crowned.
1290 Edward I expels the Jews from England. Margaret the Maid of Norway, and Queen of Scotland dies on her voyage to Scotland and thirteen men claim the throne. Edward I of England is called to choose between them, and he chooses the weak John Balliol, knowing that he can control him.
1295 Edward I calls the Model Parliament
1293 War breaks out between England and France. Edward I of England loses Gascony. The Welsh rebel against England.
1294 Philip IV of France seizes Guienne (in southwest France) from Edward I of England.
1296 Edward I of England (called Longshanks) invades Scotland and proclaims himself king. In the bull Clericis Laicos Pope Boniface VII forbids clergy from paying taxes to secular powers. Philip IV of France (called The Fair) retaliates by forbidding the export of coins.
1297 Philip IV of France (called The Fair) continues his fight with England, and with England's ally Flanders.
1297-1305 Rebellion of William Wallace. Edward I of England (called Longshanks) invades Scotland again to attempt to crush the revolt.
1299 Edward I of England makes peace with France in a treaty that gives Flanders to France, and returns Guienne to England. Edward I of England marries Margaret, the sister of the French King Philip III. Scottish patriot Sir William Wallace is defeated by Edward I of England. Robert the Bruce is one of the four regents of Scotland.
1305-1377 Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy: Philip IV of France, after battling Pope Boniface VIII for sometime, attempts to kidnap him. The Pope escapes, but dies soon afterwards. Philip secures the election of a French pope, who never goes to Rome.
1312 Order of the Knights Templar abolished by Philip the Fair of France. With the cooperation of the captive Pope, Philip destroys the Templars, rather than repay his debts to them.
1314 Victory of Robert the Bruce over Edward II of England (1307-1327) at the Battle of Bannockburn.
1318 Scottish parliment passes a decree that if Robert the Bruce dies without a son his grandson will be crowned.
1327 Edward II of England is forced to resign, and his son Edward III is crowned, although it is Edward III's mother Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer who rule.
1329 Robert the Bruce dies. His son David II (five years old) succeeds him as king of Scotland.
1333 Civil war in Scotland when an English backed claimant wants the throne. David II of Scotland is exiled to France and Robert II of Scotland serves as regent.
1338-1453 Hundred Years War - invocation of the Salic law to bar the succession of the English king Edward III to the throne of France, given instead to Philip of Valois.
1346 English victory over the French at Crecy; Gunpowder used, probably for the first time in Europe at Crecy where Edward III of England and his son Edward the Black Prince invade Normandy. David II of Scotland is taken captive by the English in the Battle of Neville's Cross. Robert II of Scotland, David's nephew and Robert the Bruce's grandson becomes regent.
1348-1351 The Black Death killed appoximately 3/8ths of the population causing labor shortages in England.
1360 Treaty of Calais; Edward III's renounciation of the French crown in exchange for his other lands on the continent is only a pause in the war, resumed in 1369
1363 Edward III of England makes peace with David II of Scotland, making a deal that should David II die without a son the two countries will be united. Robert II of Scotland rebels against David II of Scotland.
1378-1417 The Great Schism - Pope Urban VI is elected. The cardinals who elected Pope Urban reconsider and nullify the election. They elect Clement VII who they set up in Avigon. Pope Urban VI continues in the Vatican. Eventually, Antipope John XXIII is replaced by Martin V
1386 England invades Scotland again. John of Gaunt attempts to invade Spain.
1388 Scotland retaliates against England. A coterie of English noblemen led by Richard's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester get in a power struggle with Richard II
1389 John of Gaunt helps Richard II of England assert his authority.
1390 Robert III of Scotland is crowned.
1397 Richard II imprisons the Duke of Gloucester and exiles John of Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke.
1399 Richard II returns from a second invasion of Ireland to find Henry Bolingbroke has returned. Richard II is captured and Henry crowned as Henry IV.
1406 James I of Scotland, son of Robert III is captured and held prisoner by the English while on the way to France. Robert III of Scotland dies and James I inherits the throne.
1415 Victory of Henry V of England over France at the battle of Agincourt
1417 Henry V of England executes Sir John Oldcastle, the leader of the religious sect called Lollards.
1420 Treaty of Troyes makes Henry V the heir to the throne of France, and he marries Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois.
1421 Henry V returns from Normandy to England, leaving his brother Thomas, duke of Clarence, as governor of Normandy. The French defeat the Duke.
1422 Death of Henry V of England. The English regent goes to war with Charles VII of France. 1423 Europeans begin to use Chinese method of block printing. James I of Scotland is released from England and returns to Scotland where he is crowned.
1431 Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by the French Inquisition for her part in supporting the claims of Charles VII.
1435 The peace of Arras between Charles VII and the Burgundians makes it impossible for England to win the war.
1437 James I of Scotland is assasinated by the Scottish nobles. His son James II of Scotland is crowned (age seven). A regency led by the Douglas family rules Scotland.
1451 Johannes Gutenberg invents the movable type printing press.
1452 Birth of Leonardo da Vinci.
1453 End of Hundred Years War. Fall of Constantinople.
1461 Edward IV of England (Duke of York) is crowned, after deposing of Henry VI of England. Louis XI of France is crowned.
1466 The Peace of Thorn establishes peace between Poland and the Teutonic Knights, and secures West Prussia, Pomerania and other territories for Poland.
1469 Ferdinand of Aragon (called The Catholic) marries Isabella I of Castile. Niccolò Machiavelli is born.
1471 Edward IV of England returns from Burgundy with his infant son (Edward V) and regains the throne. Henry VI of England is killed.
1473 Nicholas Copernicus is born.
1475 Michelangelo is born.
1476 William Caxton returns from Germany to England and sets up a printing press at Westminister Abbey.
1478 Pope Sixtus V issues a bull authorising the kings and queens to appoint inquisitors to deal with offenders against the church.
1483 Edward IV of England declares war on Louis X of France, but Edward dies. The two "princes in the tower" see their Uncle, Richard III, take the English throne. Charles VIII crowned in France.
1485 War of the Roses ends. Henry VII of England crowned.
1492 Christopher Columbus "discovers" America. Capture of Granada and the end of Moslem Spain.
1493 Maximilian I becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.
1494 France invades Italy.
1495 James IV of Scotland supports Perkin Warbeck in his claim to the English throne and invades England.
1497 A seven year truce is established between Scotland and England. John Cabot explores North America.
1498 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama becomes the first European to sail around Africa to reach India.
1503 James IV of Scotland marries Margret Tudor the daughter of Henry VII of England.
1506 Ferdinand Magellan sets out on his first expedition to the East Indies.
1509 Henry VIII of England is crowned and marries Katherine of Aragon